Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party come to power in Germany. The unrest in Europe leads to arrests and forced emigration of Jews, as well as the suppression of political opposition, and of scholars and intellectual critics, including psychoanalysts. As a result, Freud’s books are burned.
Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss abolishes Parliament, suppresses the Socialist Party, and establishes an authoritarian regime in Austria; the Dollfuss government, and the Schuschnigg government that follows it, exclude Jews from positions in public service, including the health service and universities.